The Extent of Trade Mis-Invoicing in Turkey: Did Post-1990 Policies Matter?

We analyze the extent and the direction of trade misinvoicing in the context of the new policy environment that has affected the Turkish economy in the post 1990 period. Utilizing bilateral partner country statistics between Turkey and its major trading partners, we observe persisting export overinvoicing and an oscillating pattern of import misinvoicing at the aggregate level. Country-specific data reveal different patterns. As opposed to the general trend in misinvoicing, exports to China are underinvoiced and imports are overinvoiced. We also analyze how the liberalization policies and the customs union agreement with the European Union countries affect trade misinvoicing. We find that, with trade liberalization policies, import misinvoicing has decreased at the aggregate level. However, contrary to the expectations, customs union agreement did not help decrease the extent of trade misinvoicing in Turkey.International trade, trade misinvoicing, foreign trade statistics; Turkey.

Perilaku Politik Tidak Memilih Masyarakat Kecamatan Tampan dalam Pilkada Kota Pekanbaru Tahun 2011

This study carried out to analyze the political behaviour being not vote of tampan district community in Pekanbaru city election on 2011. Tampan district community in pekanbaru city election on 2011only had a participation rate of 45,2%, so the author is interested in analyzing the political behaviour of the society. As for the problem in this study is why many voters who are not using their right in pekanbaru city election on 2011 in tampan district and what factors that influence.This study is qualitative study, the data collection techniques is descriptive analysis. This research uses documentation (observation) and interviews with key informants as an information object that aims to achieve the goal to get the information in this study. The type of data used in this study are primary and secondary data obtained from direct observation and interviews with key informants in this study.Based on the analiysis of the political behaviour being not vote of Tampan district community in Pekanbaru city election on 2011. It can be concluded that the public has a low rate of only 45,2% participations. It is caused by the political behaviour of the people who are not looking to sympathetic to political process that occurs (Pekanbaru City election 2011) as for some of the thing that cause political behaviour that tends to be negative are the factor of busyness community and publict distrust of promises of political appointment are common in the elections, as well as lack of political education about the essence of the elections to the Tampan district community.Key note : Political behaviour being not vote